1 Linear models for Constructive Voice Behavior

Assess the following dependent variables for Constructive Voice Behaviour, with and without adjustment for potential confounding with demographic varaibles.

  1. Power distance
  2. Resistance to change
  3. Core Self Evaluation
  4. Openness to change

1.1 Unadjusted regression

1.1.1 Key variables

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.9342 0.2203 26.94 0.0000
Power.distance -0.1811 0.0815 -2.22 0.0284

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 7.6559 0.3443 22.24 0.0000
Resistance.to.change -0.6559 0.1015 -6.46 0.0000

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 4.4643 0.5280 8.45 0.0000
Core.self.evaluation 0.2072 0.1060 1.95 0.0533

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 3.6090 0.5119 7.05 0.0000
Openness.to.change 0.2824 0.0762 3.71 0.0003


1.1.2 Demographic variables

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.8267 0.2289 25.46 0.0000
Age31-40 years -0.1867 0.2735 -0.68 0.4965
Age41-50 years -0.4711 0.2643 -1.78 0.0775
Age51-60 years -0.6981 0.3294 -2.12 0.0364

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.4000 0.1215 44.45 0.0000
GenderMale 0.1667 0.1726 0.97 0.3364

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.1000 0.6440 7.92 0.0000
EducationDiploma 0.7000 0.7120 0.98 0.3278
EducationBachelor Degree 0.3485 0.6633 0.53 0.6004
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.3836 0.6556 0.59 0.5597
EducationPhD 0.2800 0.7055 0.40 0.6923

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.3222 0.1212 43.92 0.0000
ManagerYes 0.3178 0.1706 1.86 0.0653


1.2 Adjustment for demographic varaibles

1.2.1 Key variables with main effects for demographic varaibles

This adjusts for possible confounding by the demographic variables.

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.5884 0.6976 8.01 0.0000
Power.distance -0.1759 0.0843 -2.09 0.0395
Age31-40 years -0.2597 0.2868 -0.91 0.3674
Age41-50 years -0.5710 0.2770 -2.06 0.0419
Age51-60 years -0.5774 0.3426 -1.69 0.0951
GenderMale 0.1606 0.1735 0.93 0.3568
EducationDiploma 0.7752 0.6938 1.12 0.2666
EducationBachelor Degree 0.4137 0.6541 0.63 0.5286
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.3830 0.6457 0.59 0.5544
EducationPhD 0.4910 0.6967 0.70 0.4826
ManagerYes 0.4341 0.1780 2.44 0.0166

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 7.3606 0.6990 10.53 0.0000
Resistance.to.change -0.6089 0.1058 -5.76 0.0000
Age31-40 years -0.2966 0.2506 -1.18 0.2394
Age41-50 years -0.4480 0.2452 -1.83 0.0707
Age51-60 years -0.5157 0.2959 -1.74 0.0846
GenderMale 0.0433 0.1549 0.28 0.7804
EducationDiploma 0.4352 0.6152 0.71 0.4809
EducationBachelor Degree 0.2631 0.5748 0.46 0.6481
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.3028 0.5656 0.54 0.5936
EducationPhD 0.2007 0.6154 0.33 0.7450
ManagerYes 0.3519 0.1557 2.26 0.0260

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 3.9653 0.8142 4.87 0.0000
Core.self.evaluation 0.2318 0.1065 2.18 0.0320
Age31-40 years -0.4312 0.2854 -1.51 0.1341
Age41-50 years -0.6805 0.2750 -2.47 0.0151
Age51-60 years -0.8185 0.3322 -2.46 0.0155
GenderMale 0.1589 0.1732 0.92 0.3612
EducationDiploma 0.9942 0.6882 1.44 0.1518
EducationBachelor Degree 0.6464 0.6459 1.00 0.3194
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.5627 0.6366 0.88 0.3789
EducationPhD 0.7077 0.6885 1.03 0.3065
ManagerYes 0.3909 0.1759 2.22 0.0285

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 3.2614 0.8123 4.02 0.0001
Openness.to.change 0.2667 0.0777 3.43 0.0009
Age31-40 years -0.3779 0.2738 -1.38 0.1707
Age41-50 years -0.5768 0.2661 -2.17 0.0326
Age51-60 years -0.6640 0.3213 -2.07 0.0414
GenderMale 0.0928 0.1693 0.55 0.5850
EducationDiploma 0.8348 0.6661 1.25 0.2131
EducationBachelor Degree 0.6292 0.6246 1.01 0.3163
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.6219 0.6157 1.01 0.3149
EducationPhD 0.6326 0.6662 0.95 0.3447
ManagerYes 0.4348 0.1708 2.55 0.0125


1.3 Multivariate regression

1.3.1 Key variables multivariate regression

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 6.8392 0.9159 7.47 0.0000
Power.distance -0.1505 0.0706 -2.13 0.0355
Resistance.to.change -0.5725 0.1146 -4.99 0.0000
Core.self.evaluation 0.0980 0.0929 1.05 0.2939
Openness.to.change 0.0654 0.0776 0.84 0.4015


1.3.2 Demographics multivaraite regression

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.0443 0.6579 7.67 0.0000
Age31-40 years -0.3500 0.2882 -1.21 0.2275
Age41-50 years -0.6409 0.2795 -2.29 0.0240
Age51-60 years -0.7569 0.3372 -2.24 0.0270
GenderMale 0.1864 0.1760 1.06 0.2922
EducationDiploma 0.9426 0.7007 1.35 0.1816
EducationBachelor Degree 0.6156 0.6578 0.94 0.3516
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.5955 0.6483 0.92 0.3605
EducationPhD 0.6966 0.7013 0.99 0.3230
ManagerYes 0.3797 0.1791 2.12 0.0365


2 Modifiers for the effect of key variables on Constructive Voice Behavior

Assess the following modifers for the effect of key variables on Constructive Voice Behaviour, with and without adjustment for potential confounding with demographic varaibles.

  1. Resistance to change moderates the effect of power distance on constructive voice behaviour

  2. Core Self Evaluation moderates the effect of power distance on constructive voice behaviour

  3. Openness to change moderates the effect of power distance on constructive voice behaviour

  4. Core Self Evaluation moderates the effect of resistance to change on constructive voice behaviour

  5. Openness to change moderates the effect of resistance to change on constructive voice behaviour

Resistance to change moderates the effect of power distance on constructive voice behaviour

Unadjusted

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 7.6314 1.0045 7.60 0.0000
Power.distance -0.0131 0.3717 -0.04 0.9721
Resistance.to.change -0.5282 0.3158 -1.67 0.0974
Power.distance:Resistance.to.change -0.0440 0.1166 -0.38 0.7065
R^2 = 0.3120995

Adjusted for demographic variables, plotted at reference level

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 7.9982 1.1247 7.11 0.0000
Power.distance -0.2351 0.3903 -0.60 0.5484
Resistance.to.change -0.6605 0.3282 -2.01 0.0470
Age31-40 years -0.2161 0.2500 -0.86 0.3895
Age41-50 years -0.3879 0.2435 -1.59 0.1144
Age51-60 years -0.3533 0.3008 -1.17 0.2430
GenderMale 0.0262 0.1551 0.17 0.8663
EducationDiploma 0.3073 0.6192 0.50 0.6209
EducationBachelor Degree 0.0957 0.5775 0.17 0.8688
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.1293 0.5730 0.23 0.8219
EducationPhD 0.0320 0.6172 0.05 0.9588
ManagerYes 0.4067 0.1567 2.60 0.0109
Power.distance:Resistance.to.change 0.0232 0.1225 0.19 0.8500
R^2 = 0.3778947

Core Self Evaluation moderates the effect of power distance on constructive voice behaviour

Unadjusted

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 4.5475 1.4556 3.12 0.0023
Power.distance -0.0597 0.5998 -0.10 0.9209
Core.self.evaluation 0.2877 0.2887 1.00 0.3213
Power.distance:Core.self.evaluation -0.0268 0.1181 -0.23 0.8209
R^2 = 0.08550867

Adjusted for demographic variables, plotted at reference level

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 3.9455 1.7101 2.31 0.0232
Power.distance 0.0300 0.6262 0.05 0.9619
Core.self.evaluation 0.3479 0.3003 1.16 0.2495
Age31-40 years -0.3540 0.2864 -1.24 0.2194
Age41-50 years -0.6089 0.2723 -2.24 0.0277
Age51-60 years -0.6418 0.3387 -1.89 0.0611
GenderMale 0.1292 0.1708 0.76 0.4514
EducationDiploma 0.8699 0.6971 1.25 0.2151
EducationBachelor Degree 0.4565 0.6461 0.71 0.4816
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.3681 0.6426 0.57 0.5681
EducationPhD 0.5237 0.6917 0.76 0.4508
ManagerYes 0.4475 0.1751 2.56 0.0122
Power.distance:Core.self.evaluation -0.0433 0.1225 -0.35 0.7244
R^2 = 0.2092292

Openness to change moderates the effect of power distance on constructive voice behaviour

Unadjusted

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.1719 1.3791 3.75 0.0003
Power.distance -0.5845 0.5203 -1.12 0.2639
Openness.to.change 0.1022 0.2021 0.51 0.6141
Power.distance:Openness.to.change 0.0665 0.0775 0.86 0.3926
R^2 = 0.1467199

Adjusted for demographic variables, plotted at reference level

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 4.3457 1.5845 2.74 0.0073
Power.distance -0.3530 0.5311 -0.66 0.5078
Openness.to.change 0.1746 0.2058 0.85 0.3985
Age31-40 years -0.2968 0.2756 -1.08 0.2842
Age41-50 years -0.5251 0.2661 -1.97 0.0513
Age51-60 years -0.5210 0.3290 -1.58 0.1166
GenderMale 0.0717 0.1690 0.42 0.6724
EducationDiploma 0.6691 0.6715 1.00 0.3215
EducationBachelor Degree 0.4491 0.6284 0.71 0.4766
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.4314 0.6206 0.70 0.4887
EducationPhD 0.4646 0.6683 0.70 0.4886
ManagerYes 0.4685 0.1724 2.72 0.0078
Power.distance:Openness.to.change 0.0314 0.0791 0.40 0.6922
R^2 = 0.2449248

Core Self Evaluation moderates the effect of resistance to change on constructive voice behaviour

Unadjusted

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 11.0695 1.9920 5.56 0.0000
Resistance.to.change -1.7834 0.5653 -3.15 0.0021
Core.self.evaluation -0.7121 0.3976 -1.79 0.0762
Resistance.to.change:Core.self.evaluation 0.2365 0.1146 2.06 0.0415
R^2 = 0.3142423

Adjusted for demographic variables, plotted at reference level

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 11.2946 2.0956 5.39 0.0000
Resistance.to.change -1.9195 0.5713 -3.36 0.0011
Core.self.evaluation -0.8268 0.4034 -2.05 0.0431
Age31-40 years -0.3904 0.2480 -1.57 0.1187
Age41-50 years -0.5686 0.2435 -2.34 0.0216
Age51-60 years -0.6778 0.2952 -2.30 0.0239
GenderMale 0.0640 0.1516 0.42 0.6740
EducationDiploma 0.4653 0.6015 0.77 0.4411
EducationBachelor Degree 0.3681 0.5621 0.65 0.5141
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.3394 0.5519 0.61 0.5401
EducationPhD 0.3242 0.6021 0.54 0.5915
ManagerYes 0.3505 0.1520 2.31 0.0232
Resistance.to.change:Core.self.evaluation 0.2784 0.1166 2.39 0.0190
R^2 = 0.3905754

Openness to change moderates the effect of resistance to change on constructive voice behaviour

Unadjusted

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 8.7894 1.7605 4.99 0.0000
Resistance.to.change -1.1541 0.4672 -2.47 0.0151
Openness.to.change -0.2109 0.2563 -0.82 0.4124
Resistance.to.change:Openness.to.change 0.0887 0.0713 1.24 0.2162
R^2 = 0.3006017

Adjusted for demographic variables, plotted at reference level

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 7.9977 1.9272 4.15 0.0001
Resistance.to.change -1.0055 0.4898 -2.05 0.0428
Openness.to.change -0.1451 0.2678 -0.54 0.5894
Age31-40 years -0.3324 0.2507 -1.33 0.1880
Age41-50 years -0.4276 0.2449 -1.75 0.0839
Age51-60 years -0.5332 0.2961 -1.80 0.0749
GenderMale 0.0209 0.1551 0.13 0.8932
EducationDiploma 0.4924 0.6143 0.80 0.4248
EducationBachelor Degree 0.3389 0.5744 0.59 0.5565
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.3906 0.5661 0.69 0.4919
EducationPhD 0.2494 0.6137 0.41 0.6854
ManagerYes 0.3495 0.1587 2.20 0.0300
Resistance.to.change:Openness.to.change 0.0731 0.0745 0.98 0.3288

R^2 = 0.3643485

Session Information

## R version 3.0.1 (2013-05-16)
## Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin10.8.0 (64-bit)
## 
## locale:
## [1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8
## 
## attached base packages:
## [1] grid      stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods  
## [8] base     
## 
## other attached packages:
## [1] knitr_1.8      xtable_1.7-1   plyr_1.8       reshape2_1.2.2
## [5] GGally_0.5.0   ggplot2_1.0.0 
## 
## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
##  [1] colorspace_1.2-2   dichromat_2.0-0    digest_0.6.3      
##  [4] evaluate_0.5.5     formatR_1.0        gtable_0.1.2      
##  [7] htmltools_0.2.6    labeling_0.1       MASS_7.3-26       
## [10] munsell_0.4        proto_0.3-10       RColorBrewer_1.0-5
## [13] reshape_0.8.5      rmarkdown_0.3.10   scales_0.2.3      
## [16] stringr_0.6.2      tools_3.0.1        yaml_2.1.13