- Report generated Sat Jan 3 22:00:47 2015
Linear models for Constructive Voice Behavior
Assess the following dependent variables for Constructive Voice Behaviour, with and without adjustment for potential confounding with demographic varaibles.
- Power distance
- Resistance to change
- Core Self Evaluation
- Openness to change
Adjustment for demographic varaibles
Key variables with main effects for demographic varaibles
This adjusts for possible confounding by the demographic variables.
| |
Estimate
|
Std. Error
|
t value
|
Pr(> |t|)
|
|
(Intercept)
|
5.5884
|
0.6976
|
8.01
|
0.0000
|
|
Power.distance
|
-0.1759
|
0.0843
|
-2.09
|
0.0395
|
|
Age31-40 years
|
-0.2597
|
0.2868
|
-0.91
|
0.3674
|
|
Age41-50 years
|
-0.5710
|
0.2770
|
-2.06
|
0.0419
|
|
Age51-60 years
|
-0.5774
|
0.3426
|
-1.69
|
0.0951
|
|
GenderMale
|
0.1606
|
0.1735
|
0.93
|
0.3568
|
|
EducationDiploma
|
0.7752
|
0.6938
|
1.12
|
0.2666
|
|
EducationBachelor Degree
|
0.4137
|
0.6541
|
0.63
|
0.5286
|
|
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters
|
0.3830
|
0.6457
|
0.59
|
0.5544
|
|
EducationPhD
|
0.4910
|
0.6967
|
0.70
|
0.4826
|
|
ManagerYes
|
0.4341
|
0.1780
|
2.44
|
0.0166
|
| |
Estimate
|
Std. Error
|
t value
|
Pr(> |t|)
|
|
(Intercept)
|
7.3606
|
0.6990
|
10.53
|
0.0000
|
|
Resistance.to.change
|
-0.6089
|
0.1058
|
-5.76
|
0.0000
|
|
Age31-40 years
|
-0.2966
|
0.2506
|
-1.18
|
0.2394
|
|
Age41-50 years
|
-0.4480
|
0.2452
|
-1.83
|
0.0707
|
|
Age51-60 years
|
-0.5157
|
0.2959
|
-1.74
|
0.0846
|
|
GenderMale
|
0.0433
|
0.1549
|
0.28
|
0.7804
|
|
EducationDiploma
|
0.4352
|
0.6152
|
0.71
|
0.4809
|
|
EducationBachelor Degree
|
0.2631
|
0.5748
|
0.46
|
0.6481
|
|
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters
|
0.3028
|
0.5656
|
0.54
|
0.5936
|
|
EducationPhD
|
0.2007
|
0.6154
|
0.33
|
0.7450
|
|
ManagerYes
|
0.3519
|
0.1557
|
2.26
|
0.0260
|
| |
Estimate
|
Std. Error
|
t value
|
Pr(> |t|)
|
|
(Intercept)
|
3.9653
|
0.8142
|
4.87
|
0.0000
|
|
Core.self.evaluation
|
0.2318
|
0.1065
|
2.18
|
0.0320
|
|
Age31-40 years
|
-0.4312
|
0.2854
|
-1.51
|
0.1341
|
|
Age41-50 years
|
-0.6805
|
0.2750
|
-2.47
|
0.0151
|
|
Age51-60 years
|
-0.8185
|
0.3322
|
-2.46
|
0.0155
|
|
GenderMale
|
0.1589
|
0.1732
|
0.92
|
0.3612
|
|
EducationDiploma
|
0.9942
|
0.6882
|
1.44
|
0.1518
|
|
EducationBachelor Degree
|
0.6464
|
0.6459
|
1.00
|
0.3194
|
|
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters
|
0.5627
|
0.6366
|
0.88
|
0.3789
|
|
EducationPhD
|
0.7077
|
0.6885
|
1.03
|
0.3065
|
|
ManagerYes
|
0.3909
|
0.1759
|
2.22
|
0.0285
|
| |
Estimate
|
Std. Error
|
t value
|
Pr(> |t|)
|
|
(Intercept)
|
3.2614
|
0.8123
|
4.02
|
0.0001
|
|
Openness.to.change
|
0.2667
|
0.0777
|
3.43
|
0.0009
|
|
Age31-40 years
|
-0.3779
|
0.2738
|
-1.38
|
0.1707
|
|
Age41-50 years
|
-0.5768
|
0.2661
|
-2.17
|
0.0326
|
|
Age51-60 years
|
-0.6640
|
0.3213
|
-2.07
|
0.0414
|
|
GenderMale
|
0.0928
|
0.1693
|
0.55
|
0.5850
|
|
EducationDiploma
|
0.8348
|
0.6661
|
1.25
|
0.2131
|
|
EducationBachelor Degree
|
0.6292
|
0.6246
|
1.01
|
0.3163
|
|
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters
|
0.6219
|
0.6157
|
1.01
|
0.3149
|
|
EducationPhD
|
0.6326
|
0.6662
|
0.95
|
0.3447
|
|
ManagerYes
|
0.4348
|
0.1708
|
2.55
|
0.0125
|




Multivariate regression
Key variables multivariate regression
| |
Estimate
|
Std. Error
|
t value
|
Pr(> |t|)
|
|
(Intercept)
|
6.8392
|
0.9159
|
7.47
|
0.0000
|
|
Power.distance
|
-0.1505
|
0.0706
|
-2.13
|
0.0355
|
|
Resistance.to.change
|
-0.5725
|
0.1146
|
-4.99
|
0.0000
|
|
Core.self.evaluation
|
0.0980
|
0.0929
|
1.05
|
0.2939
|
|
Openness.to.change
|
0.0654
|
0.0776
|
0.84
|
0.4015
|
Demographics multivaraite regression
| |
Estimate
|
Std. Error
|
t value
|
Pr(> |t|)
|
|
(Intercept)
|
5.0443
|
0.6579
|
7.67
|
0.0000
|
|
Age31-40 years
|
-0.3500
|
0.2882
|
-1.21
|
0.2275
|
|
Age41-50 years
|
-0.6409
|
0.2795
|
-2.29
|
0.0240
|
|
Age51-60 years
|
-0.7569
|
0.3372
|
-2.24
|
0.0270
|
|
GenderMale
|
0.1864
|
0.1760
|
1.06
|
0.2922
|
|
EducationDiploma
|
0.9426
|
0.7007
|
1.35
|
0.1816
|
|
EducationBachelor Degree
|
0.6156
|
0.6578
|
0.94
|
0.3516
|
|
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters
|
0.5955
|
0.6483
|
0.92
|
0.3605
|
|
EducationPhD
|
0.6966
|
0.7013
|
0.99
|
0.3230
|
|
ManagerYes
|
0.3797
|
0.1791
|
2.12
|
0.0365
|
Modifiers for the effect of key variables on Constructive Voice Behavior
Assess the following modifers for the effect of key variables on Constructive Voice Behaviour, with and without adjustment for potential confounding with demographic varaibles.
Resistance to change moderates the effect of power distance on constructive voice behaviour
Core Self Evaluation moderates the effect of power distance on constructive voice behaviour
Openness to change moderates the effect of power distance on constructive voice behaviour
Core Self Evaluation moderates the effect of resistance to change on constructive voice behaviour
Openness to change moderates the effect of resistance to change on constructive voice behaviour
Resistance to change moderates the effect of power distance on constructive voice behaviour
Unadjusted
| |
Estimate
|
Std. Error
|
t value
|
Pr(> |t|)
|
|
(Intercept)
|
7.6314
|
1.0045
|
7.60
|
0.0000
|
|
Power.distance
|
-0.0131
|
0.3717
|
-0.04
|
0.9721
|
|
Resistance.to.change
|
-0.5282
|
0.3158
|
-1.67
|
0.0974
|
|
Power.distance:Resistance.to.change
|
-0.0440
|
0.1166
|
-0.38
|
0.7065
|
R^2 = 0.3120995
Adjusted for demographic variables, plotted at reference level
| |
Estimate
|
Std. Error
|
t value
|
Pr(> |t|)
|
|
(Intercept)
|
7.9982
|
1.1247
|
7.11
|
0.0000
|
|
Power.distance
|
-0.2351
|
0.3903
|
-0.60
|
0.5484
|
|
Resistance.to.change
|
-0.6605
|
0.3282
|
-2.01
|
0.0470
|
|
Age31-40 years
|
-0.2161
|
0.2500
|
-0.86
|
0.3895
|
|
Age41-50 years
|
-0.3879
|
0.2435
|
-1.59
|
0.1144
|
|
Age51-60 years
|
-0.3533
|
0.3008
|
-1.17
|
0.2430
|
|
GenderMale
|
0.0262
|
0.1551
|
0.17
|
0.8663
|
|
EducationDiploma
|
0.3073
|
0.6192
|
0.50
|
0.6209
|
|
EducationBachelor Degree
|
0.0957
|
0.5775
|
0.17
|
0.8688
|
|
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters
|
0.1293
|
0.5730
|
0.23
|
0.8219
|
|
EducationPhD
|
0.0320
|
0.6172
|
0.05
|
0.9588
|
|
ManagerYes
|
0.4067
|
0.1567
|
2.60
|
0.0109
|
|
Power.distance:Resistance.to.change
|
0.0232
|
0.1225
|
0.19
|
0.8500
|
R^2 = 0.3778947
Core Self Evaluation moderates the effect of power distance on constructive voice behaviour
Unadjusted
| |
Estimate
|
Std. Error
|
t value
|
Pr(> |t|)
|
|
(Intercept)
|
4.5475
|
1.4556
|
3.12
|
0.0023
|
|
Power.distance
|
-0.0597
|
0.5998
|
-0.10
|
0.9209
|
|
Core.self.evaluation
|
0.2877
|
0.2887
|
1.00
|
0.3213
|
|
Power.distance:Core.self.evaluation
|
-0.0268
|
0.1181
|
-0.23
|
0.8209
|
R^2 = 0.08550867
Adjusted for demographic variables, plotted at reference level
| |
Estimate
|
Std. Error
|
t value
|
Pr(> |t|)
|
|
(Intercept)
|
3.9455
|
1.7101
|
2.31
|
0.0232
|
|
Power.distance
|
0.0300
|
0.6262
|
0.05
|
0.9619
|
|
Core.self.evaluation
|
0.3479
|
0.3003
|
1.16
|
0.2495
|
|
Age31-40 years
|
-0.3540
|
0.2864
|
-1.24
|
0.2194
|
|
Age41-50 years
|
-0.6089
|
0.2723
|
-2.24
|
0.0277
|
|
Age51-60 years
|
-0.6418
|
0.3387
|
-1.89
|
0.0611
|
|
GenderMale
|
0.1292
|
0.1708
|
0.76
|
0.4514
|
|
EducationDiploma
|
0.8699
|
0.6971
|
1.25
|
0.2151
|
|
EducationBachelor Degree
|
0.4565
|
0.6461
|
0.71
|
0.4816
|
|
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters
|
0.3681
|
0.6426
|
0.57
|
0.5681
|
|
EducationPhD
|
0.5237
|
0.6917
|
0.76
|
0.4508
|
|
ManagerYes
|
0.4475
|
0.1751
|
2.56
|
0.0122
|
|
Power.distance:Core.self.evaluation
|
-0.0433
|
0.1225
|
-0.35
|
0.7244
|
R^2 = 0.2092292
Openness to change moderates the effect of power distance on constructive voice behaviour
Unadjusted
| |
Estimate
|
Std. Error
|
t value
|
Pr(> |t|)
|
|
(Intercept)
|
5.1719
|
1.3791
|
3.75
|
0.0003
|
|
Power.distance
|
-0.5845
|
0.5203
|
-1.12
|
0.2639
|
|
Openness.to.change
|
0.1022
|
0.2021
|
0.51
|
0.6141
|
|
Power.distance:Openness.to.change
|
0.0665
|
0.0775
|
0.86
|
0.3926
|
R^2 = 0.1467199
Adjusted for demographic variables, plotted at reference level
| |
Estimate
|
Std. Error
|
t value
|
Pr(> |t|)
|
|
(Intercept)
|
4.3457
|
1.5845
|
2.74
|
0.0073
|
|
Power.distance
|
-0.3530
|
0.5311
|
-0.66
|
0.5078
|
|
Openness.to.change
|
0.1746
|
0.2058
|
0.85
|
0.3985
|
|
Age31-40 years
|
-0.2968
|
0.2756
|
-1.08
|
0.2842
|
|
Age41-50 years
|
-0.5251
|
0.2661
|
-1.97
|
0.0513
|
|
Age51-60 years
|
-0.5210
|
0.3290
|
-1.58
|
0.1166
|
|
GenderMale
|
0.0717
|
0.1690
|
0.42
|
0.6724
|
|
EducationDiploma
|
0.6691
|
0.6715
|
1.00
|
0.3215
|
|
EducationBachelor Degree
|
0.4491
|
0.6284
|
0.71
|
0.4766
|
|
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters
|
0.4314
|
0.6206
|
0.70
|
0.4887
|
|
EducationPhD
|
0.4646
|
0.6683
|
0.70
|
0.4886
|
|
ManagerYes
|
0.4685
|
0.1724
|
2.72
|
0.0078
|
|
Power.distance:Openness.to.change
|
0.0314
|
0.0791
|
0.40
|
0.6922
|
R^2 = 0.2449248
Core Self Evaluation moderates the effect of resistance to change on constructive voice behaviour
Unadjusted
| |
Estimate
|
Std. Error
|
t value
|
Pr(> |t|)
|
|
(Intercept)
|
11.0695
|
1.9920
|
5.56
|
0.0000
|
|
Resistance.to.change
|
-1.7834
|
0.5653
|
-3.15
|
0.0021
|
|
Core.self.evaluation
|
-0.7121
|
0.3976
|
-1.79
|
0.0762
|
|
Resistance.to.change:Core.self.evaluation
|
0.2365
|
0.1146
|
2.06
|
0.0415
|
R^2 = 0.3142423
Adjusted for demographic variables, plotted at reference level
| |
Estimate
|
Std. Error
|
t value
|
Pr(> |t|)
|
|
(Intercept)
|
11.2946
|
2.0956
|
5.39
|
0.0000
|
|
Resistance.to.change
|
-1.9195
|
0.5713
|
-3.36
|
0.0011
|
|
Core.self.evaluation
|
-0.8268
|
0.4034
|
-2.05
|
0.0431
|
|
Age31-40 years
|
-0.3904
|
0.2480
|
-1.57
|
0.1187
|
|
Age41-50 years
|
-0.5686
|
0.2435
|
-2.34
|
0.0216
|
|
Age51-60 years
|
-0.6778
|
0.2952
|
-2.30
|
0.0239
|
|
GenderMale
|
0.0640
|
0.1516
|
0.42
|
0.6740
|
|
EducationDiploma
|
0.4653
|
0.6015
|
0.77
|
0.4411
|
|
EducationBachelor Degree
|
0.3681
|
0.5621
|
0.65
|
0.5141
|
|
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters
|
0.3394
|
0.5519
|
0.61
|
0.5401
|
|
EducationPhD
|
0.3242
|
0.6021
|
0.54
|
0.5915
|
|
ManagerYes
|
0.3505
|
0.1520
|
2.31
|
0.0232
|
|
Resistance.to.change:Core.self.evaluation
|
0.2784
|
0.1166
|
2.39
|
0.0190
|
R^2 = 0.3905754
Openness to change moderates the effect of resistance to change on constructive voice behaviour
Unadjusted
| |
Estimate
|
Std. Error
|
t value
|
Pr(> |t|)
|
|
(Intercept)
|
8.7894
|
1.7605
|
4.99
|
0.0000
|
|
Resistance.to.change
|
-1.1541
|
0.4672
|
-2.47
|
0.0151
|
|
Openness.to.change
|
-0.2109
|
0.2563
|
-0.82
|
0.4124
|
|
Resistance.to.change:Openness.to.change
|
0.0887
|
0.0713
|
1.24
|
0.2162
|
R^2 = 0.3006017
Adjusted for demographic variables, plotted at reference level
| |
Estimate
|
Std. Error
|
t value
|
Pr(> |t|)
|
|
(Intercept)
|
7.9977
|
1.9272
|
4.15
|
0.0001
|
|
Resistance.to.change
|
-1.0055
|
0.4898
|
-2.05
|
0.0428
|
|
Openness.to.change
|
-0.1451
|
0.2678
|
-0.54
|
0.5894
|
|
Age31-40 years
|
-0.3324
|
0.2507
|
-1.33
|
0.1880
|
|
Age41-50 years
|
-0.4276
|
0.2449
|
-1.75
|
0.0839
|
|
Age51-60 years
|
-0.5332
|
0.2961
|
-1.80
|
0.0749
|
|
GenderMale
|
0.0209
|
0.1551
|
0.13
|
0.8932
|
|
EducationDiploma
|
0.4924
|
0.6143
|
0.80
|
0.4248
|
|
EducationBachelor Degree
|
0.3389
|
0.5744
|
0.59
|
0.5565
|
|
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters
|
0.3906
|
0.5661
|
0.69
|
0.4919
|
|
EducationPhD
|
0.2494
|
0.6137
|
0.41
|
0.6854
|
|
ManagerYes
|
0.3495
|
0.1587
|
2.20
|
0.0300
|
|
Resistance.to.change:Openness.to.change
|
0.0731
|
0.0745
|
0.98
|
0.3288
|
R^2 = 0.3643485

Session Information
## R version 3.0.1 (2013-05-16)
## Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin10.8.0 (64-bit)
##
## locale:
## [1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8
##
## attached base packages:
## [1] grid stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods
## [8] base
##
## other attached packages:
## [1] knitr_1.8 xtable_1.7-1 plyr_1.8 reshape2_1.2.2
## [5] GGally_0.5.0 ggplot2_1.0.0
##
## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
## [1] colorspace_1.2-2 dichromat_2.0-0 digest_0.6.3
## [4] evaluate_0.5.5 formatR_1.0 gtable_0.1.2
## [7] htmltools_0.2.6 labeling_0.1 MASS_7.3-26
## [10] munsell_0.4 proto_0.3-10 RColorBrewer_1.0-5
## [13] reshape_0.8.5 rmarkdown_0.3.10 scales_0.2.3
## [16] stringr_0.6.2 tools_3.0.1 yaml_2.1.13